Own-race bias Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Own-race bias - Research Paper Example In this time, black slaves were considered so different and removed from the aristocratic, land owning class of their owners that their enslavement and torture for centuries was written off as being part of the system. Furthermore, during the Jim Crow era and throughout the passing of the separate but equal legislation, African-Americans in this country were viewed as a concrete, separate racial category not only by many whites, but also by the law itself. In many ways, the separate but equal Brown v. Board of Education hearing reflects the rigid, concrete, categorical race structures that were prevalent in this country during that time. Legal terms like separate but equal give an indication of the way people viewed each other at this time. Obviously, strong categorical race structures dominated the way peers viewed peers. Race would have been at the forefront of the way most people viewed each other initially. Before peers could say hello, there would have been a quick, unconscious categorization of the person they were approaching based on their race and the race of the peer. This initial judgment is no different today, but the recent trends in the multicultural population of the United States have given way to blurred categorical race structures. As a system of rigid, concrete race categories is faced with individuals whose backgrounds are composed of two or even many of these categories, the way individuals perceive each other is forced to change. When individuals comprise several racial categories, peers cannot make such easy judgments as were made during previous eras. If a peer appears to be from a racial category one considers his or her own, and this same peer also appears to be from a racial category one does not consider his or her own, initial separation judgments are confused. This recent breaking down of categorical race structures has obvious implications on the way humans perceive one another, but how does this change affect human facial memory? The body of literature has shown that social categorization occurs within the early stages of perception, but lasts only briefly (Brewer, 1988) making it difficult to study. One model that helps explain the way humans remember faces is the In-Group and Out-Group Memory model (Pauker, Weisbuch, Ambady, Sommers, Adams, & Ivcevic, 2009). This model explains human facial perception as a categorization based on whether the perceived individual is of the same group as the perceiver. For example, an Asian person may perceive another Asian face as being â€Å"in-group†. Furthermore, Malpass & Kravitz (1969) showed that people have a tendency to have better facial memory of faces they classify as in-group, and lower facial memory of faces they classify as out-group (Malpass & Kravitz, 1969); a finding that Pauker and colleagues have shown to be repeated by over 100 studies (Pauker, Weisbuch, Ambady, Sommers, Adams, & Ivcevic, 2009). The own race bias links individuals’ in- or out-group categorization of others to individuals’ facial memories of these others by explaining that people remember faces they categorize as in-group better than faces they catego

Scope Of Relationship Marketing

Scope Of Relationship Marketing The process of identifying the products and services required by the customers and implementing the policies in order to achieve the needs of the customers and developing the product based on it is known as marketing. It is an incorporated process by which the industries concentrates mainly on the requirement and needs of the customers and hence creates customer relationships stronger. Marketing process is implemented in order to recognize the customer, to satisfy the customer and to retain the customer. It is stated that marketing management is one of the important part of business management as it is related with the activities which are focused on the customers. The development of the marketing was originated because of the mature markets and overcapacities over some past few 2-3 centuries. In order to attain profit the industries started to mainly concentrate on the customers rather than the production. Marketing concept means understanding the needs of the customers, knowing the requirement and demand of the market; and reaching the satisfactions. According to marketing concepts, industries must predict the needs and wants of the customers and should always try to satisfy it more than their competent. Scope of relationship marketing The purpose of the relationship management is at its centre if the viewpoint and it also portrays different methods for researching the relationships which the industries enhance along with the internal communities. The scope and the purpose of relationships management has been identified and stated by various authors including (Christopher, et al., 1991; Doyle, 1995; Kotler, 1992; Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Webster, 1992). The relationships management scope contains six markets: internal, supplier, customer, influencer, referral and employee recruitment markets (Christopher, 1991). A previous survey of the six models had placed the customer market at the centre of the relationships marketing. Figure : The Six Market Model Limitations The marketing six models produce very detailed information and there are two important fields in which these six models contain limitations. These limitations should be corrected by all the users implementing these models for decision making in an industry. The limitations contain: The concentration provided more on the short term sales rather than the long term sales. When used for media mix optimization, these models have a clear preconception in favor of time-specific media (such as TV commercials) versus less time-specific media (such as ads appearing in monthly magazines); biases can also occur when comparing broad-based media versus regionally or demographically targeted media. The brand products and varieties are effected due to the long term sales failure. The marketing mix models are not confined by the involvement of the marketing spend on its brand variety. One of the reasons for this is the long time period taken by marketing in order to put an impact on the brand variety will go beyond and continue at the best. The other reason could be the variations in the financial and social areas and this reason or variation will not effect the marketing and the brand variety a lot. In the short term sales the market shares may get worsen day to day but the brand variety will be higher. Hence, this higher brand variety will help the industries to retain the sales and market share. Market segmentation Marketing segmentation is related with the separation of the customers into a single individual carrying the similar requirement and needs. For instance, Kelloggs cereals- the frostiest are marketed to the kids and crunchy nut cornflakes to adults. Here, both the customers are different and both the products are marketed as per the needs and wants of the customer. Market segmentation is performed for two main reasons. The first reason is segmentation permits perfect distribution of the industrys limited resources. An organization contains only limited resources. Hence, it should always select the particular group of customers. Moreover the tastes of the current western customers can be served better. Market segmentation can be further called as STP that is segment, target and position. Account based marketing system Account based marketing (ABM) is also called as key account marketing which is a planned approach to a business marketing where in an industry contacts with every single customer accounts by considering it as single market. This approach is considered as one of the best approaches as some companies like BearingPoint, Progress Software, Xerox and Hp are leading by implementing this approach. Strategies The following are the tactics and steps to choose a correct strategy for any particular accounts: Campaigning: Lead generation campaigns can be formed for fixing the appointments in a huge target accounts. Intelligence: Marketing role in outlining the target account and contacts within to recognize appropriate schemes. Awareness: communications will play a major role in building a positive insight as the awareness of the supplier is very low in target accounts. Sales: marketing also plays a role in supporting the sales proposal in order to progress the exchange rates and to reduce the sales cycle. Advocacy: The cycle will be finished when the customers turn to advocates and also implements to compel further growth in business. Retaining and Developing Customer Relationships In order to make sure long-term banking customer relationships gimmicks and enticing trinkets are not the best approach just like in personal courtships and it has learned by Caribbean retail financial institutions. The customers who are not having any long-term inducement to be with their company will be effortlessly lured by competitors product of the week next week and the best performers know this thing very well. Hence, the business development remains cost efficient with existing customers than planning to obtain new customers. Implementing these inventive strategies which is stands on this knowledge stays very much easy for many industry participants. Task 2 New online marketing technology Structuring and reflecting of social relations and social networks in between the people who share interests and activities is concentrated by a social network service. Social network service generally includes a variety of extra services, representation of each other user (often a profile) and his/her social links. Users can interact by using internet like e-mail, instant chatting as many of the social network services are web based. Online community is treated as social networking sometimes and social networking means an individual focused service and online community deals with groups. In social networking sites users can share ideas, interests and creativity within their individual networks. The major type of social networking services are the one which includes group places, ways to connect with friends and a suggestion system linked to trust. The famous procedures unite many of theseas Twitter and Face book are used globally. The most common sites used in north America are Linkedin and MySpace; in Canada Nexopia is used; in Netherlands- Bebo, Hi5 and Hyves;in Germany-StudVZ ; iWiW is mostly used in Hungary; Tuenti in Spain; Tagged, XING, Decayenne, Badoo and Skyrock are used in some regions of Europe;Hi5 and Orkut in south America and Central America; in India Orkut and Face book; Friendster, Mixi, Multiply, Orkut, Wretch, renren and Cyworld in Asia and the Pacific Islands. There are some steps taken for optimizing the services in order to evade the need to some duplicate entries of the friends and interests, although this has created few security and privacy concerns. Some largest social networking sites have originated a concept of making the world digital, while others concentrate on different sectors from music and books to non profit business to motherhood in order to provide both services and community to the individuals along with the interests shared among them. Additional features Few social networking sites have many added features, which hold skills to make communities that will share the same interests or connections, downloading live videos, having a discussion through forums or blogs. Internet mapping is opted by geosocial networking in order to categorize user involvement in the geographic characteristics and their elements. Mobile social networking has become most popular and the latest trend. Users having a mobile phone social networking can now be able to create their own profile, involve in the chat rooms, make friends, create chat rooms, can distribute or share photos and videos and also can share some blogs. Users of mobile phone are provided every option that people who sit with the computer have. The wireless services provided by some companies allow the customers in building their own communities for mobiles and also permits them to brand it. But, among many, Face Book is the most popular social networking site through the wireless services. Certain innovative features are provided to the site by some companies which give the real world experience. Linkedin.com is one more professional aspect in social networking. With this users can exchange their ideas, information, and the knowledge. This helps the professional to be posted with the updated knowledge in the respective fields. Business model To get membership few of these social network sites charge the user. This is because the concept of social networking is a new service and the value of it is not yet established nicely. Online advertises are given by the companies like MySpace and the Face book. Therefore they take memberships largely and the charges are given in a counterproductive way. Some companies believe that the core information about the user provided in the site can easily be targeted with advertises when compared to any other sites. In these social networking sites the members serves for both the roles that is for the suppliers and as the content consumers. This is kind of autonomous operation in these sites. But, in the world of business, the consumers and the suppliers are quite distinct. Gaining revenue is easier in the business with the means of the advertisement. But this is possible while the level of the content and the memberships are quite high. Several application domains use online marketing. They are: Application for the business Application for the dates Application of the government Applications on the Medical terms Applications on the education Various ways of Marketing Mobility marketing In marketing the mobile marketing can fall in to any of the category. Primarily, the marketing can be described by the mobiles devices such as mobile phone. Secondarily, the marketing is described as a moving with the trends. The Mobile Marketing Association has updated a definition of the marketing for mobile in the year 2009 as: Mobile Marketing is a set of practices that enables organizations to communicate and engage with their audience in an interactive and relevant manner through any mobile device or network. Mobile marketing via MMS Mobile marketing through MMS will include the video, audio, text, and the images. Here the content of the mobile is delivered through the MMS. Now, almost all the mobile phones are capable to send and receive the MMS messages. But the brands can be able to send and receive the messages through the MMS A2P network to its subscribers. In some other networks, brands can also sponsor the messages which are sent person to person. For example: The campaign of the Motorola was initiated by the MMS mobile at the House of Blues Venue. Here the users can send the images and photos to mobile in real time. Mobile marketing via Infrared Infrared is one of the oldest mobile marketing. In late 90s, some of the companies based of Europe, have experimented the shopping window marketing through the free waves of Infrared. The range of infrared is limited and did not establish as a leader in the Mobile Marketing. Viral marketing Viral marketing is something which will encourage the individuals for passing the messages for marketing to others. This will create the potential to growth exponentially with the exposed messages. Like the virus, these strategies will take much advantage of multiplying rapidly for exploding a single message till thousands. In Internet this is called as Viral Marketing. Guerrilla marketing is invented as an unconventional system of the promotions which depends on time, imagination, and the energy instead of the big market. In the same way, the campaignings for the marketing is also unconventional and interactive. The consumers are targeted in the unexpected places. Its objective is creating the unique, and a sharp concept that provokes the thought. Jay Conrad Levinson has coined this term in the book Guerrilla Marketing. Since then this term has become most popular. The approaches such as the encounters in the public places, the products being sold in the streets, the stunts, any marketing that gives more results from minimal resources etc, are involved in the Guerrilla Marketing. The digital technology is being used by the mobile as one more approach to the guerrilla marketing. This will help them to create more customers and have a good brand. As the base of the guerrilla marketing Levinson identified few principles. they are as follows: This is mainly to serve the business and the entrepreneur that are small Instead of the experience, judgments, and the work done by guessing it should involve the humans. Investing time, imagination, and the energy are the primary issues rather than money The profit ratio is the primary issue to measure the business and not the sales Also concentrate on the number of new relations made per month Instead of diverting the focus concentrate on creating a standard. Concentrate on more referrals and transactions, instead of trying to get more number of customers Cooperate more on the business instead of the competition These marketers have to use the combination of the methods in the marketing for the campaign Build the business by making use of the technologies that are more updated Aim the messages to the smaller group of the audiences instead of the larger groups Focus more on an individual to gain their consent. This will let them send more messages Social media marketing In the organization of the communications plan, Social Media Marketing is the recent competent. For connecting with the markets target, integrating the markets communication is the principle. In order to produce the message on which the customer easily focuses, the market communication has to be integrated with the elements like The models of the traditional marketing like the frequency, content, timing, and the communication medium with the organization is collaborated with the external agent like agencies for advertising, firms for the market researches, and the firms with the public relation. The communication of the organization the impact of the social media has an impact on the kind of communication made by the organization with the customers. Platforms of social media marketing The social media marketing will benefit the organization and the individual by providing the additional channel for the support of the customer. This becomes a mean for gaining the insight of the customer and the competitiveness and also provides a method to manage the online reputation. The main factors ensuring the relevance for the customer, the value provided to them with the strength of the base where it is built. The foundation that is strong will serve as the platform to centralize the information and for directing the customers with the developments made recently with the help of social media channels, and publications released through press. The goal is for creating a foundation that is strong and will engage the powers of the customers by providing the opportunities to the communication in the organization. Platform is most important due to the reason that the organization will measure and monitor the effects on the customers. Tools offered are more applicable than anything else to achieve the goal set by the customer. Example: With the Direct2Dell forum the Dell computers has the strongest blog. This also helps to improve the organization fame and gives a chance to improve the learning chances for the bloggers. Ever since the site is begun, the percentage of the blogs is improved by 22% from 49%. Dell, with the support to their customers by addressing the concerns, comments, and the questions through the blog was achieved. Target Targets are achieved on the Face Book by getting real with the customers and by the exposed products that matches the needs of the customers. Target focused more on the benefits by connecting to the customers and in understanding the medium. They have allowed the customers to shape the group and made the curve of learning easier. Starbucks This Starbucks will be found on the Face Book, Flicker, Twitter etc, and on other blogging sites by the My Starbucks Idea. This has the best strategies for the social media. They have focused more on gaining the customers needs, likes, and the information. This helps them maintain customers in good number. Conclusion The process of identifying the products and services required by the customers and implementing the policies in order to achieve the needs of the customers and developing the product based on it is known as marketing. It is an incorporated process by which the industries concentrates mainly on the requirement and needs of the customers and hence creates customer relationships stronger.

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him. Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him.

Enders Game Essay

Human beings are free except when humanity needs them. Maybe humanity needs you. To do something. Maybe humanity needs me—to find out what you’re good for. We might both do despicable things, Ender, but if humankind survives, then we were good tools.† Graff is explaining to Ender the philosophy behind everything they are doing. Although Ender does not know it at the time, this is the same reasoning that the adults will use to manipulate the children time and time again. Ender objects to this idea, because he believes that people are more than just tools, but nevertheless it is the pervading ideology of the I.F. throughout the book. This philosophy justifies doing terrible things in the name of humanity, and it also means that individuals will have to make awful sacrifices for their species. â€Å"In the moment when I truly understand my enemy, understand him well enough to defeat him, then in that very moment I also love him. I think it’s impossible to really understand somebody, what they want, what they believe, and not love them the way they love themselves.† Ender is telling Valentine why he hates himself. He is able to understand his enemies better than anyone else, but once he understands them he destroys them. With such tremendous empathy, even in coming to understand his worst enemies Ender loves them. This means that when he crushes them he is hurting himself in the process. Ender does not want to have enemies, so that he will not be forced to hurt anybody. He will love even those who seem to be his most bitter enemies when he properly understands them. But in the situations Ender has been in he has no choice other than destroying those enemies. At the end of the book, when Ender comes to truly understand the buggers, he is able to try to help them. He has already done them great harm, but now he can be happy because he has a chance to undo what he did to them. â€Å"So the whole war is because we can’t talk to each other.† â€Å"If the other fellow can’t tell you his story, you can never be sure he isn’t trying to kill you.† â€Å"What if we just left them alone?† â€Å"Ender, we didn’t go to them first, they came to us. If they were going to leave us alone, they could have done it a hundred years ago, before the First Invasion.† â€Å"Maybe they didn’t know we were intelligent life. Maybe—† This conversation occurs when Graff tells Ender his theory of why they are at war with the buggers. Graff tells Ender that since the buggers communicate through thought, they probably cannot understand that humans are thinking beings. Ender therefore wants to know why this cannot be remedied.

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation within the criminal justice system Essay

I. Why did you pick this topic? If you were bullied in school as a child, then the â€Å"best years† of your life may have felt more like an endless, living nightmare. There is no shortage of social predators trying to boost their self-esteem or status at other people’s expense. Now imagine a school of hard knocks where the concentration of bullies is much higher than their victims. That’s what life may be like for many a convict serving time in prison. How impossible is it to not become hardened and detached under the constant threat of victimization? It’s hard to imagine that reform is part of that equation when one’s very life is at stake. Yet that is one of the impressions that we on the outside have of why criminals are in prisons: so that they will get better. But do they? In effort to make society appear to function properly, we have to close our eyes to many contradictions. Ironically, many are found within the justice systems. We have all witnessed lawyers so hungry for m oney and advancement that they will protect criminals from incarceration at the cost of the next innocent victim. Another area of justice to which our eyes are closed are the prisons where convicted criminals do their reparation. Some main reasons why criminals are sent to prison are: To separate a bully from his next victim — whether it be a robber from the jewelry store, a rapist from women, or a drug dealer from his addicted customers, etc. As punishment and revenge for the crimes a bully has already committed against his victims. To reform or correct the behavior and reintegrate a bully back into our respectable society. The first reason — to separate a criminal from his/her next victim — is the proper use of social seperation for keeping the public safe from further harm. The second, using imprisonment as a form of punishment and revenge is a misguided use of justice, because revenge turns the punisher into the bully possibly even the murderer, if a death sentence is carried out. So basically we have a load of people within a free society acting out violently with the same emotions as those which are causing our prisons to fill up with offenders. As you can see, the justice system is hypocritical. My greatest concern, is how can incarcerating a criminal rehabilitate them; that being locked in a cage surrounded by other criminals can somehow lead one to become a better person. Imagine yourself trapped twenty four hours a day for a span of two  to twenty years in a prep school populated only by those who have beaten, robbed, stolen, murdered or raped others out of rage, hatred and some other psychological imbalance. To add insult to injury, the world outside fears and hates you, maybe even wants to kill you. You have to work your way through the system by serving time so that you can eventually graduate to being released among those who fear and hate you because you are not an ex-con. Are prisons truly designed for rehabilitating criminals? How can a tense, selfish, survival-based atmosphere promote a more empathetic and emotionally balanced human? Given the constant negative reinforcement, it is almost impossible. In fact prisons so more by helping educate beginners in crime to become even better criminals. That’s a poor investment for the future of our community. A huge shift must take place if the Department of Corrections actually intends to correct the troubled one. We must find methods and programs which not only heal the wounds and troubled minds, but which helps them understand that crime begins with an attitude that we take toward others. II. How has literature viewed this issue? Most people may think of prisons as nothing more than facilities where criminals are incarcerated and deprived of their freedoms while serving a sentence that has been assigned as punishment for an illegal act they committed. While this is true, the concept of imprisonment is also intended to have a rehabilitative effect on inmates. The basic idea of rehabilitation through imprisonment is that a person who has been incarcerated will never want to be sent back to prison after they have been set free. It is hoped that an inmate’s experiences while locked up will leave such a lasting impression that a former prisoner will do whatever it takes to avoid a second term. Unfortunately, research has consistently shown that time spent in prison does not serve to rehabilitate most inmates, and the majority of criminals return to a life of crime almost immediately. Many argue that most prisoners will actually learn new and better ways to commit crimes while they are locked up with their f ellow convicts. They can also make connections and become more deeply involved in the criminal world. To rehabilitate is basically to take something or someone that has gone bad and to bring them back to a useful and positive condition. In an effort to offer better rehabilitative services to the inmates, many prisons have begun  providing psychiatrists to help deal with mental disorders and serious issues held by the prisoners. They also offer classroom settings in which inmates can learn to read and discover other means of legally advancing themselves. These methods are proven to have a positive effect on the prisoners. They have helped many to overcome a background with little or no education and encouraged some to straighten out their lives. Upon their release, prisoners who have stuck with these programs are given a better opportunity to succeed and to become law abiding citizens. Rehabilitation of prisoners is an extremely difficult effort. Inmates are segregated from the general public and forced to live in a society where crime is a way of life. For many, time spent behind b ars will push them farther into a life of crime, but for others, the horrors of prison life and the lessons they learn there are enough to convince them to do anything possible to never become imprisoned again. III. Why rehabilitation through punishment doesn’t work! The media tries to portray the â€Å"new† prison as a way to rehabilitate prisoners, whether it is through education or drug rehabilitation; however, this is far from the truth for most. The first point where this fails is the prison system does not transition their prisoners back into the community. The prison system isolates offenders from their community and family. For violent offenders, yes this is what they are suppose to do but people who are needing drug rehabilitation need support from their family and community. Additionally, a person can find more drugs in prison than he or she can find out on the streets; however, at a higher price but they are still there. The second point where the rehabilitation programs fail is the prisoner has to want to change his or her life around and many have not come to that point yet. Additionally, many states offer time cuts for taking these rehabilitation programs and many prisoners take these programs just to get the time cuts. I personally have family that has told me, â€Å"Yeah, I am going to go back out on the streets get my paper up (hustling) because that is the only way I can make money.† Which did not make any sense to me because now most prisons do have vocational schools or college courses available; however, depending on a person’s offense, it does not matter the education level, sometimes it is very hard to get a decent paying job once released from prison. Maybe a good solution for this problem is for a first  time drug offender or a person who seems to suffer from a mental illness, put them in a rehabilitation center instead of a jail or prison. Prison only makes people angrier and teaches them how to be better criminals. I have seen people go into prison for white collar crimes and come out drug addicts and better criminals. The prison system is something that definitely needs to be re-worked and re-adjusted because it is definitely failing. IV. How does this affect us socially? The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation. The effectiveness of punishment and rehabilitation has been analyzed to see the effects on victims and offenders and also the social and fiscal impact on our society. The Classical School of Criminology has proposed that punishment is used to create deterrence and the Positive School of Criminology uses the practice of rehabilitation to reduce recidivism. Deterrence Deterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal justice system and it is described as special or specific deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear on the offender so that they will not commit future crime. General deterrence is based on punishing offenders to instill fear in society, otherwise known as teaching society a lesson and showing the consequences of committing crime. Punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts. Incapacitation has been the most common form of punishment, however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high as 63% and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to their current offense. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1989) Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the  offender is confined. The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are deterrence to crime. There are so many underlying factors within the criminal justice system that may contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal process in death penalty cases and the length of time that an offender sits on death row. Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime. Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychol ogical counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household. Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminal’s attitude or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to remain self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer and states money to house them in a correctional facility. Victim Impact In many cases, victim rights tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused. The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victim’s rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, victims and their families were often treated as inconveniences, ignored throughout trial proceedings, and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues have caused many victims to feel neglected and even re-victimized by the courts. On October 30th, 2004, The Crime Victims’ Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to guarantee rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably protected from the accused offender and to receive reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the cr ime or of any public proceeding.  (feinstein senate.gov/booklets, n.d) The majority of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. According to the BJS Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, more than three-quarters of the public see punishment as the primary justification for sentencing. They also report that more than 70 percent believe that incapacitation is the only sure way to prevent future crimes, and more than three-quarters believe that the courts are too easy on criminals. Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts. When a victim or the victims’ family feels that their offender does not receive the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when restitution is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the ability to pay restitution through employment. Other forms of rehabilitation through community supervision may also benefit a victim or their families such as programs such as one that was introduced in my county. The program is a group of victims called the Victim Impact Panel who talk to offenders that are convicted of drunk driving. These individuals are brought face to face with victims and their family members of drunk driving. These programs have high hopes of deterring individuals from committing such acts. Offender Impact Punishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being. When an offender is separated from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor. Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, continue working or find employment under close supervision. Drug Courts There are certain crimes that would benefit from rehabilitation more so than punishment, such as non-violent drug related. Criminals who commit acts of crimes to support their drug habit need treatment more than punishment. In many states, such as New York, Drug courts have been established. Drug courts represent the coordinated efforts of the judiciary, prosecution, defense bar, probation, law enforcement, mental health, social service, and treatment communities to actively and forcefully intervene and break the cycle of substance abuse, addiction, and crime. Drug courts quickly identify substance-abusing offenders and place them under strict court monitoring and community supervision, coupled with effective, long-term treatment services. The National Drug Court Institute describes the process that a participant as an intense regimen of substance abuse and mental health treatment, case management, drug testing, and probation supervision while reporting to regularly scheduled status hearings before a judge. In addition, drug courts may provide job skill training, family/group counseling, and many other life-skill enhancement services. Data consistently show that treatment, when completed is effective and loss more cost effective. Social Impact upon Society The social impact of punishment and rehabilitation varies from the increasing costs of correctional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Society’s view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Society’s belief’s in the â€Å"just desserts† theory has played a role in the courts. The push for mandatory sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. â€Å"Getting tough on crime† was the basis behind different mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to society’s impact on punishment versus rehabilitation. Fiscal Impact The fiscal impact that punishment has on our country is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This figure does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising cost  of punishment. Privatization of corrections has been also looked at as an effort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as â€Å"boot camps† or â€Å"shock camps†. These programs are proven to be less costly than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration (Punishment vs. rehabilitation: A Proposal for revising Sentencing Practices, September 1991) The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpa yers an estimated ten to thirteen thousand dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration. Overview of Punishment and Rehabilitation Punishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. Punishing and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate sentence is issued upon an offender, it can help deter them from future criminal activity. Punishment vs. Rehabilitation in the Criminal Justice System Works Cited Cadigan, Brian. â€Å"Correcting Our Flawed Criminal Justice System, One Private Prison at a Time.† The Bottom Line UCSB. N.p., 11 May 2011. Web. 09 May 2013. Dutta, Sunil. â€Å"How to Fix America’s Broken Criminal Justice System.† The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 30 Dec. 2010. Web. 07 May 2013. Vedantam, Shankar. â€Å"When Crime Pays: Prison Can Teach Some To Be Better Criminals.† NPR. NPR, 01 Feb. 2013. Web. 07 May 2013.

Custom Harvesting essays

Custom Harvesting essays Custom harvesting is usually associated with the harvesting of wheat in North America. Actually, custom harvesting is needed for all kinds of different crops. Custom harvesting is the cutting of a farmers crop by a custom harvester and not the farmer himself. Custom harvesters are people that do the harvesting for the farmers. Custom harvesters endure many different things during their work. Harvesters work long hours and spend various amounts of time away from home. They hire crews and entrust a lot of their livelihood in these crews. An average custom harvesters year is broken up into three parts; the wheat harvest, the fall harvest, and the down time during the winter. Custom harvesters own their own machinery. Harvesters all have some type of combine with header attachments, some type of truck, and some type of trailer. Combines are usually new, so they do not breakdown a lot. Harvesters do not want their equipment to breakdown, because time is truly money in the custom harvesting business. The number of combines a harvester owns depends on how many acres they do for farmers in a years time. Harvesters own various combinations of header attachments that are attached to the front of the combine. The types of header attachments that a custom harvester owns are based on what kind of crops they harvest. For example, if they harvest corn, they use a corn head. If they harvest soybeans, they use a flex-head. If they harvest wheat, they use hard platforms, etc. Harvesters have different types of trucks. They either use a semi or a straight truck. A semi is a tractor-trailer combination. A straight truck is the tractor with the body stretch ed out and a dump box put on it. Harvesters have various types of trailers. There are trailers used to haul one or two combines, and other trailers used to haul the headers. They need to haul their equipment, because they spend part of the year moving aro ...

Knights essays

Knights essays What come to mind when you hear the word knight? You are probably thinking of a book that you read when you were younger and saw someone in shining armor, fighting a dragon and rescuing ladies in distress. But actually these are myths about the knight. They never fought dragons or rescued ladies in distress. They did however fight battles and wars. A knight was someone who was given land by a lord in exchange for military service in the lords army and any money that he might earn off his new land. The life of a knight was nothing more than training and being prepared to serve his lord. They had other responsibilities other than military service. They often helped guard the lords castle, serve on his council, and served as an ambassador. In this paper I am going to talk about all the aspects of the knight. From where the word knight originated from, what their duties were, the weapons that they use, to how they behave. The word knight has no clear origin. There are many arguments of where it came from. Some say that it came from the Germanic word ritter, which is a Middle High German term. The word was primarily used in poetic texts. But the word miles, which was a derivative of the old Roman word for soldier was considered the earliest form of the word knight (p.6, Bumke). But in Ancient Rome, the word equites or mounted officers might have been the first real argument for what a knight really originated from. Others believe that the word knight comes from the Anglo-Saxon word cniht, which meant youth, servant, man, follower. The German word knecht and the Danish word knegt both mean servant. And the Norwegian word knekt meant rogue or rascal (p.4, Jones). Webster dictionary defines knight to mean, a usually high born medieval gentlemen-soldier serving a monarch. Others believe that there is no clear definition of the word knight. They differ in that the word could mean an ideal of military prowess, an embodim...